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π‘ Kotlin Basics Guide for Beginners
1. Declaring Variables and Constants
Kotlin uses val
for immutable variables and var
for mutable ones.
val name: String = "Alice"
var age: Int = 30
val pi = 3.14 // type inferred
// Constants
const val MAX_USERS = 100
2. Conditionals (if / when)
Use if
expressions or when
for multiple branches.
val x = 2
if (x == 1) {
println("One")
} else if (x == 2) {
println("Two")
} else {
println("Other")
}
when (x) {
1 -> println("One")
2 -> println("Two")
else -> println("Other")
}
3. Loops
Use for
, while
, and do-while
for iteration.
for (i in 0..2) {
println(i)
}
var n = 3
while (n > 0) {
println(n)
n--
}
4. Arrays
Kotlin supports arrays using the arrayOf()
function.
val numbers = arrayOf(10, 20, 30)
println(numbers[1])
5. List Manipulation
Use mutableListOf
for dynamic lists.
val nums = mutableListOf(1, 2, 3)
nums.add(4)
nums.removeAt(0)
for (n in nums) {
print("$n ")
}
6. Console Input/Output
Use readLine()
for input and println()
for output.
print("Enter your name: ")
val name = readLine()
println("Hello, $name")
7. Functions
Functions use fun
keyword with optional return type.
fun add(a: Int, b: Int): Int {
return a + b
}
println(add(3, 4))
8. Maps
mutableMapOf
stores key-value pairs.
val ages = mutableMapOf("Alice" to 30)
println(ages["Alice"])
9. Exception Handling
Use try
, catch
, and finally
to handle errors.
try {
val result = 10 / 0
} catch (e: ArithmeticException) {
println("Error: ${e.message}")
}
10. File I/O
Use File
from java.io
for file operations.
import java.io.File
File("file.txt").writeText("Hello File")
val text = File("file.txt").readText()
println(text)
11. String Manipulation
Kotlin strings support many methods and interpolation.
val text = "Hello World"
println(text.length)
println(text.substring(0, 5))
println(text.contains("World"))
12. Classes & Objects
Kotlin classes are concise and support default constructors.
class Person(val name: String) {
fun greet() = println("Hi, I'm $name")
}
val p = Person("Alice")
p.greet()
13. Null Safety
Kotlin distinguishes nullable and non-nullable types. Use ?
and ?:
for safety.
val name: String? = null
println(name?.length ?: 0)